**What is the goal of this PR?**
A tweak to the fixed-point x-advance and kerning calculations to ensure
that the spacing between any two glyphs is always calculated
consistently.
I noticed that sometimes I'd see common character pairs like "oo" more
than once on a page, and the distance between the two snapped to
different pixels depending on the running accumulated error for the line
of text.
This change uses a differential rounding approach where each glyph's
x-advance plus the kerning relative to the next glyph are combined in
fixed-point precision, then snapped to a pixel to draw the next glyph.
This results in a consistent inter-glyph spacing any time the same two
glyphs show up adjacent to each other, regardless of the accumulated
error across the line.
---
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Adds HAL-level support for the Xteink X3 (SSD1677 controller, 792x528
display). Includes device detection, display initialization, button
mapping, power management, and theme adjustments for the X3 form factor.
## Purpose
This PR includes some preparatory changes that are needed for an
upcoming performant CJK font feature. The changes have no impact on
render time and heap allocation for latin text. **Despite this, I think
these changes stand on their own as a better font
compression/decompression implementation.**
## Summary
- Font decompressor rewrite: Replaced the 4-slot LRU group cache with a
two-tier system — a page buffer (glyphs prewarmed before rendering
begins) and a hot-group fallback (last decompressed group retained for
non-prewarmed
glyphs).
- Byte-aligned compressed bitmap format: Glyph bitmaps within compressed
groups are now stored row-padded rather than tightly packed before
DEFLATE compression, improving compression ratios by making identical
pixel rows produce
identical byte patterns. Glyphs are compacted back to packed format on
demand at render time. Reduces flash size by 155 KB.
- Page prewarm system: Added `Page::collectText` and
`Page::getDominantStyle` to extract per-style glyph requirements before
rendering, and `GfxRenderer::prewarmFontCache` to pre-decompress only
the groups needed for the dominant style
— eliminating mid-render decompression for the common case.
- UTF-8 robustness fixes: `utf8NextCodepoint` now validates continuation
bytes and returns a replacement glyph on malformed input;
`ChapterHtmlSlimParser` correctly preserves incomplete multi-byte
sequences across word-buffer flush
boundaries rather than splitting them.
---
### AI Usage
While CrossPoint doesn't have restrictions on AI tools in contributing,
please be transparent about their usage as it
helps set the right context for reviewers.
Did you use AI tools to help write this code? _**YES**_ Architecture and
design was done by me, refined a bit by Claude. Code mostly by Claude,
but not entirely.
## Summary
**What is the goal of this PR?**
### Problem
Inter-word gap widths were computed as two separately-snapped integers:
```cpp
gap = getSpaceWidth(fontId, style); // fp4::toPixel(spaceAdvance)
gap += getSpaceKernAdjust(fontId, leftCp, rightCp, style); // fp4::toPixel(kern1 + kern2)
```
Because `fp4::toPixel(a) + fp4::toPixel(b)` can differ from
`fp4::toPixel(a + b)` by +/-1 pixel when the fractional parts straddle a
rounding boundary, each inter-word space could be one pixel wider or
narrower than the correct value. This affected line-break width
decisions and word-position accumulation across the whole paragraph
layout pipeline.
### Fix
Replaces `getSpaceKernAdjust()` with `getSpaceAdvance(fontId, leftCp,
rightCp, style)`, which combines the space glyph advance and both
flanking kern values (`kern(leftCp, ' ')` + `kern(' ', rightCp)`) into a
single fixed-point sum before the snap:
```cpp
return fp4::toPixel(spaceAdvanceFP + kern(leftCp, ' ') + kern(' ', rightCp));
```
This is the same single-snap pattern already used by `getTextAdvanceX`
for word widths.
### Changes
- **`GfxRenderer`**: Replaces `getSpaceKernAdjust()` with
`getSpaceAdvance()`. `getSpaceWidth()` is retained for the
single-space-word case in `measureWordWidth` where no adjacent-word kern
context is available.
- **`ParsedText`**: All four call sites (`computeLineBreaks`,
`computeHyphenatedLineBreaks`, and both loops in `extractLine`) updated
to use `getSpaceAdvance()`. The now-redundant `spaceWidth`
pre-computation and parameter are removed from all three internal layout
functions.
---
### AI Usage
While CrossPoint doesn't have restrictions on AI tools in contributing,
please be transparent about their usage as it
helps set the right context for reviewers.
Did you use AI tools to help write this code? _**YES to analyze for
correctness**_
## Summary
**What is the goal of this PR?**
Hopefully fixes#1182.
_Note: I think letterforms got a "heavier" appearance after #1098, which
makes this more noticeable. The current version of this PR reverts the
change to add `--force-autohint` for Bookerly, which to me seems to
bring the font back to a more aesthetic and consistent weight._
#### Problem
Character spacing was uneven in certain words. The word "drew" in
Bookerly was the clearest example: a visible gap between `d` and `r`,
while `e` and `w` appeared tightly condensed. The root cause was
twofold:
1. **Integer-only glyph advances.** `advanceX` was stored as a `uint8_t`
of whole pixels, sourced from FreeType's hinted `advance.x` (which
grid-fits to integers). A glyph whose true advance is 15.56px was stored
as 16px -- an error of +0.44px per character that compounds across a
line.
2. **Floor-rounded kerning.** Kern adjustments were converted with
`math.floor()`, which systematically over-tightened negative kerns. A
kern of -0.3px became -1px -- a 0.7px over-correction that visibly
closed gaps.
Combined, these produced the classic symptom: some pairs too wide,
others too tight, with the imbalance varying per word.
#### Solution: fixed-point accumulation with 1/16-pixel resolution, for
sub-pixel precision during text layout
All font metrics now use a "fixed-point 4" format -- 4 fractional bits
giving 1/16-pixel (0.0625px) resolution. This is implemented with plain
integer arithmetic (shifts and adds), requiring no floating-point on the
ESP32.
**How it works:**
A value like 15.56px is stored as the integer `249`:
```
249 = 15 * 16 + 9 (where 9/16 = 0.5625, closest to 0.56)
```
Two storage widths share the same 4 fractional bits:
| Field | Type | Format | Range | Use |
|-------|------|--------|-------|-----|
| `advanceX` | `uint16_t` | 12.4 | 0 -- 4095.9375 px | Glyph advance
width |
| `kernMatrix` | `int8_t` | 4.4 | -8.0 -- +7.9375 px | Kerning
adjustment |
Because both have 4 fractional bits, they add directly into a single
`int32_t` accumulator during layout. The accumulator is only snapped to
the nearest whole pixel at the moment each glyph is rendered:
```cpp
int32_t xFP = fp4::fromPixel(startX); // pixel to 12.4: startX << 4
for each character:
xFP += kernFP; // add 4.4 kern (sign-extends into int32_t)
int xPx = fp4::toPixel(xFP); // snap to nearest pixel: (xFP + 8) >> 4
render glyph at xPx;
xFP += glyph->advanceX; // add 12.4 advance
```
Fractional remainders carry forward indefinitely. Rounding errors stay
below +/- 0.5px and never compound.
#### Concrete example: "drew" in Bookerly
**Before** (integer advances, floor-rounded kerning):
| Char | Advance | Kern | Cursor | Snap | Gap from prev |
|------|---------|------|--------|------|---------------|
| d | 16 px | -- | 33 | 33 | -- |
| r | 12 px | 0 | 49 | 49 | ~2px |
| e | 13 px | -1 | 60 | 60 | ~0px |
| w | 22 px | -1 | 72 | 72 | ~0px |
The d-to-r gap was visibly wider than the tightly packed `rew`.
**After** (12.4 advances, 4.4 kerning, fractional accumulation):
| Char | Advance (FP) | Kern (FP) | Accumulator | Snap | Ink start | Gap
from prev |
|------|-------------|-----------|-------------|------|-----------|---------------|
| d | 249 (15.56px) | -- | 528 | 33 | 34 | -- |
| r | 184 (11.50px) | 0 | 777 | 49 | 49 | 0px |
| e | 208 (13.00px) | -8 (-0.50px) | 953 | 60 | 61 | 1px |
| w | 356 (22.25px) | -4 (-0.25px) | 1157 | 72 | 72 | 0px |
Spacing is now `0, 1, 0` pixels -- nearly uniform. Verified on-device:
all 5 copies of "drew" in the test EPUB produce identical spacing,
confirming zero accumulator drift.
#### Changes
**Font conversion (`fontconvert.py`)**
- Use `linearHoriAdvance` (FreeType 16.16, unhinted) instead of
`advance.x` (26.6, grid-fitted to integers) for glyph advances
- Encode kern values as 4.4 fixed-point with `round()` instead of
`floor()`
- Add `fp4_from_ft16_16()` and `fp4_from_design_units()` helper
functions
- Add module-level documentation of fixed-point conventions
**Font data structures (`EpdFontData.h`)**
- `EpdGlyph::advanceX`: `uint8_t` to `uint16_t` (no memory cost due to
existing struct padding)
- Add `fp4` namespace with `constexpr` helpers: `fromPixel()`,
`toPixel()`, `toFloat()`
- Document fixed-point conventions
**Font API (`EpdFont.h/cpp`, `EpdFontFamily.h/cpp`)**
- `getKerning()` return type: `int8_t` to `int` (to avoid truncation of
the 4.4 value)
**Rendering (`GfxRenderer.cpp`)**
- `drawText()`: replace integer cursor with `int32_t` fixed-point
accumulator
- `drawTextRotated90CW()`: same accumulator treatment for vertical
layout
- `getTextAdvanceX()`, `getSpaceWidth()`, `getSpaceKernAdjust()`,
`getKerning()`: convert from fixed-point to pixel at API boundary
**Regenerated all built-in font headers** with new 12.4 advances and 4.4
kern values.
#### Memory impact
Zero additional RAM. The `advanceX` field grew from `uint8_t` to
`uint16_t`, but the `EpdGlyph` struct already had 1 byte of padding at
that position, so the struct size is unchanged. The fixed-point
accumulator is a single `int32_t` on the stack.
#### Test plan
- [ ] Verify "drew" spacing in Bookerly at small, medium, and large
sizes
- [ ] Verify uppercase kerning pairs: AVERY, WAVE, VALUE
- [ ] Verify ligature words: coffee, waffle, office
- [ ] Verify all built-in fonts render correctly at each size
- [ ] Verify rotated text (progress bar percentage) renders correctly
- [ ] Verify combining marks (accented characters) still position
correctly
- [ ] Spot-check a full-length book for any layout regressions
---
### AI Usage
While CrossPoint doesn't have restrictions on AI tools in contributing,
please be transparent about their usage as it
helps set the right context for reviewers.
Did you use AI tools to help write this code? _**YES, Claude Opus 4.6
helped figure out a non-floating point approach for sub-pixel error
accumulation**_
## Summary
* **What is the goal of this PR?** (e.g., Implements the new feature for
file uploading.)
* **What changes are included?**
Conrgegate the changes of #1074 , #1013 , and extended upon #911 by
@lkristensen
New function implemented in GfxRenderer.cpp
```C++
std::vector<std::string> GfxRenderer::wrappedText(const int fontId, const char* text, const int maxWidth,
const int maxLines, const EpdFontFamily::Style style) const
```
Applied logic to all uses in Lyra, Lyra Extended, and base theme
(continue reading card as pointed out by @znelson
## Additional Context
---
### AI Usage
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please be transparent about their usage as it
helps set the right context for reviewers.
Did you use AI tools to help write this code? _**< YES >**_
---------
Co-authored-by: coderabbitai[bot] <136622811+coderabbitai[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
## Summary
**What is the goal of this PR?**
Improved typesetting, including
[kerning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerning) and
[ligatures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet).
**What changes are included?**
- The script to convert built-in fonts now adds kerning and ligature
information to the generated font headers.
- Epub page layout calculates proper kerning spaces and makes ligature
substitutions according to the selected font.
## Additional Context
- I am not a typography expert.
- The implementation has been reworked from the earlier version, so it
is no longer necessary to omit Open Dyslexic, and kerning data now
covers all fonts, styles, and codepoints for which we include bitmap
data.
- Claude Opus 4.6 helped with a lot of this.
- There's an included test epub document with lots of kerning and
ligature examples, shown in the photos.
**_After some time to mature, I think this change is in decent shape to
merge and get people testing._**
After opening this PR I came across #660, which overlaps in adding
ligature support.
---
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please be transparent about their usage as it
helps set the right context for reviewers.
Did you use AI tools to help write this code? _**YES, Claude Opus 4.6**_
---------
Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
## Summary
**What is the goal of this PR?**
Consolidated repeated logic to fall back to REPLACEMENT_GLYPH.
---
### AI Usage
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please be transparent about their usage as it
helps set the right context for reviewers.
Did you use AI tools to help write this code? _**NO**_
## Summary
* This PR fixes decomposed diacritic handling end-to-end:
- Hyphenation: normalize common Latin base+combining sequences to
precomposed codepoints before Liang pattern matching, so decomposed
words hyphenate correctly
- Rendering: correct combining-mark placement logic so non-spacing marks
are attached to the preceding base glyph in normal and rotated text
rendering paths, with corresponding text-bounds consistency updates.
- Hyphenation around non breaking space variants have been fixed (and
extended)
- Hyphenation of terms that already included of hyphens were fixed to
include Liang pattern application (eg "US-Satellitensystem" was
*exclusively* broken at the existing hyphen)
## Additional Context
* Before
<img width="800" height="480" alt="2"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/b9c515c4-ab75-45cc-8b52-f4d86bce519d"
/>
* After
<img width="480" height="800" alt="fix1"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/4999f6a8-f51c-4c0a-b144-f153f77ddb57"
/>
<img width="800" height="480" alt="fix2"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/7355126b-80c7-441f-b390-4e0897ee3fb6"
/>
* Note 1: the hyphenation fix is not a 100% bullet proof implementation.
It adds composition of *common* base+combining sequences (e.g. O +
U+0308 -> Ö) during codepoint collection. A complete solution would
require implementing proper Unicode normalization (at least NFC,
possibly NFKC in specific cases) before hyphenation and rendering,
instead of hand-mapping a few combining marks. That was beyond the scope
of this fix.
* Note 2: the render fix should be universal and not limited to the
constraints outlined above: it properly x-centers the compund glyph over
the previous one, and it uses at least 1pt of visual distance in y.
Before:
<img width="478" height="167" alt="Image"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/f8db60d5-35b1-4477-96d0-5003b4e4a2a1"
/>
After:
<img width="479" height="180" alt="Image"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/1b48ef97-3a77-475a-8522-23f4aca8e904"
/>
* This should resolve the issues described in #998
---
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## Summary
* ``renderChar`` checked ``is2Bit`` on every pixel inside the inner
loop, even though the value is constant for the lifetime of a single
glyph
* Moved the branch above both loops so each path (2-bit antialiased /
1-bit monochrome) runs without a per-pixel conditional
* Eliminates redundant work in the two inner loops that render font
glyphs to the frame buffer, targeting ``renderChar`` and
``drawTextRotated90CW`` in ``GfxRenderer.cpp``
## Additional Context
* Measured on device using a dedicated framebuffer benchmark (no display
refresh). 100 repetitions of "The quick brown fox jumps".
| Test | Before | After | Change |
|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|---------|
| drawText UI12 | 1,337 µs/call | 1,024 µs/call | −23%|
| drawText Bookerly14 | 2.174 µs / call | 1,847 µs/call | −15% |
---
### AI Usage
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please be transparent about their usage as it
helps set the right context for reviewers.
Did you use AI tools to help write this code? _**PARTIALLY**_ Claude did
the analysis and wrote the benchmarks
## Summary
* **What is the goal of this PR?**
I flashed the last revision before commit 76f1c921, and chapter indexing
worked without any crashes.
After applying 76f1c921, the same chapter consistently triggered a
device reboot during indexing.
The affected chapter contains inline equation images surrounded by
styled (bold/italic) text that includes special math/symbol characters.
## Additional Context
Prior to 76f1c921, both `getTextAdvanceX()` and `getSpaceWidth()` always
measured text using `EpdFontFamily::REGULAR`, regardless of the actual
style.
Commit 76f1c921 improved correctness by passing the active style so
spacing is calculated using the actual bold/italic font variant.
However, bold and italic variants have narrower Unicode coverage than
the regular font. When a character exists in the regular font but not in
the selected styled variant, `pdFont::getGlyph()` returns `nullptr`.
The updated measurement functions did not check for this and immediately
dereferenced the pointer:
`width += font.getGlyph(cp, style)->advanceX; // nullptr->advanceX`
Because `advanceX` is located at byte offset 2 within `EpdGlyph`,
dereferencing a null pointer caused the CPU to attempt a load from
address `0x00000002`, resulting in a RISC-V:
Load access fault
MCAUSE = 5
MTVAL = 2
## Fix
Added null-safety checks to both `getTextAdvanceX()` and
`getSpaceWidth()`, following the same pattern used in the rendering
path:
If the glyph is missing in the selected style → fall back to the
replacement glyph.
If the replacement glyph is also unavailable → treat the character as
zero-width.
This preserves the improved style-correct spacing while preventing
crashes.
No behavioral changes occur for characters that are supported by the
selected font variant.
---
### AI Usage
Did you use AI tools to help write this code? _**< YES >**_
I encounter this bug while testing 1.1.0 RC.
I pasted the serial log to Claude, which identify the bug and fixed it.
I can confirm now the chapter in question is indexed and loaded
correctly.
## Summary
* What is the goal of this PR?
- Allow users to create custom sleep screen images with standard tools
(ImageMagick, GIMP, etc.) that render cleanly on the e-ink display
without dithering artifacts. Previously, avoiding dithering required
non-standard 2-bit BMPs that no standard image editor can produce. ( see
issue #931 )
* What changes are included?
- Add 4-bit BMP format support to Bitmap.cpp (standard format, widely
supported by image tools)
- Auto-detect "native palette" images: if a BMP has ≤4 palette entries
and all luminances map within ±21 of the display's native gray levels
(0, 85, 170, 255), skip dithering entirely and direct-map pixels
- Clarify pixel processing strategy with three distinct paths:
error-diffusion dithering, simple quantization, or direct mapping
- Add scripts/generate_test_bmps.py for generating test images across
all supported BMP formats
## Additional Context
* The e-ink display has 4 native gray levels. When a BMP already uses
exactly those levels, dithering adds noise to what should be clean
output. The native palette detection uses a ±21 tolerance (~10%) to
handle slight rounding from color space conversions in image tools.
Users can now create a 4-color grayscale BMP with (imagemagic example):
```
convert input.png -colorspace Gray -colors 4 -depth
```
---
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## Summary
**What is the goal of this PR?**
`hasPrintableChars` does a pass over text before rendering. It looks up
glyphs in the font and measures dimensions, returning early if the text
results in zero size.
This additional pass doesn't offer any benefit over moving straight to
rendering the text, because the rendering loop already gracefully
handles missing glyphs. This change saves an extra pass over all
rendered text.
Note that both `hasPrintableChars` and `renderChar` replace missing
glyphs with `glyph = getGlyph(REPLACEMENT_GLYPH)`, so there's no
difference for characters which are not present in the font.
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## Summary
* GfxRender did handle horizontal and vertical lines but had a TODO for
arbitrary lines.
* Added integer based Bresenham line drawing
## Additional Context
---
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## Summary
**What is the goal of this PR?**
This change fixes an issue I noticed while reading where occasionally,
especially in italics, some words would have too much space between
them. The problem was that word width calculations were including any
negative X overhang, and combined with a space before the word, that can
lead to an inconsistently large space.
## Additional Context
Screenshots of some problematic text:
| In CrossPoint 1.0 | With this change |
| -- | -- |
| <img
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/87bf0e4b-341f-4ba9-b3ea-38c13bd26363"
width="400" /> | <img
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/bf11ba20-c297-4ce1-aa07-43477ef86fc2"
width="400" /> |
---
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## Summary
**What is the goal of this PR?**
Compress reader font bitmaps to reduce flash usage by 30.7%.
**What changes are included?**
- New `EpdFontGroup` struct and extended `EpdFontData` with
`groups`/`groupCount` fields
- `--compress` flag in `fontconvert.py`: groups glyphs (ASCII base group
+ groups of 8) and compresses each with raw DEFLATE
- `FontDecompressor` class with 4-slot LRU cache for on-demand
decompression during rendering
- `GfxRenderer` transparently routes bitmap access through
`getGlyphBitmap()` (compressed or direct flash)
- Uses `uzlib` for decompression with minimal heap overhead.
- 48 reader fonts (Bookerly, NotoSans 12-18pt, OpenDyslexic) regenerated
with compression; 5 UI fonts unchanged
- Round-trip verification script (`verify_compression.py`) runs as part
of font generation
## Additional Context
## Flash & RAM
| | baseline | font-compression | Difference |
|--|--------|-----------------|------------|
| Flash (ELF) | 6,302,476 B (96.2%) | 4,365,022 B (66.6%) | -1,937,454 B
(-30.7%) |
| firmware.bin | 6,468,192 B | 4,531,008 B | -1,937,184 B (-29.9%) |
| RAM | 101,700 B (31.0%) | 103,076 B (31.5%) | +1,376 B (+0.5%) |
## Script-Based Grouping (Cold Cache)
Comparison of uncompressed baseline vs script-based group compression
(4-slot LRU cache, cleared each page). Glyphs are grouped by Unicode
block (ASCII, Latin-1, Latin Extended-A, Combining Marks, Cyrillic,
General Punctuation, etc.) instead of sequential groups of 8.
### Render Time
| | Baseline | Compressed (cold cache) | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Median** | 414.9 ms | 431.6 ms | +16.7 ms (+4.0%) |
| **Pages** | 37 | 37 | |
### Memory Usage
| | Baseline | Compressed (cold cache) | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Heap free (median)** | 187.0 KB | 176.3 KB | -10.7 KB |
| **Heap free (min)** | 186.0 KB | 166.5 KB | -19.5 KB |
| **Largest block (median)** | 148.0 KB | 128.0 KB | -20.0 KB |
| **Largest block (min)** | 148.0 KB | 120.0 KB | -28.0 KB |
### Cache Effectiveness
| | Misses/page | Hit rate |
|---|---|---|
| **Compressed (cold cache)** | 2.1 | 99.85% |
------
### AI Usage
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please be transparent about their usage as it
helps set the right context for reviewers.
Did you use AI tools to help write this code? _**YES**_
Implementation was done by Claude Code (Opus 4.6) based on a plan
developed collaboratively. All generated font headers were verified with
an automated round-trip decompression test. The firmware was compiled
successfully but has not yet been tested on-device.
---------
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
## Summary
**What is the goal of this PR?**
Several methods in GfxRenderer were doing a `count()` followed by `at()`
on the fonts map, effectively doing the same map lookup unnecessarily.
This can be avoided by doing a single `find()` and reusing the iterator.
---
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jpirnay
