fix: Fix img layout issue / support CSS display:none for elements and images (#1443)

## Summary
- Add CSS `display: none` support to the EPUB rendering pipeline (fixes
#1431)
- Parse `display` property in stylesheets and inline styles, with full
cascade resolution (element, class, element.class, inline)
- Skip hidden elements and all their descendants in
`ChapterHtmlSlimParser`
- Separate display:none check for `<img>` tags (image code path is
independent of the general element handler)
- Flush pending text blocks before placing images to fix layout ordering
(text preceding an image now correctly renders above it)
- Bump CSS cache version to 4 to invalidate stale caches
- Add test EPUB (`test_display_none.epub`) covering class selectors,
element selectors, combined selectors, inline styles, nested hidden
content, hidden images, style priority/override, and realistic use cases

lib/Epub/Epub/css/CssParser.h

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 class CssParser {
  public:
   // Bump when CSS cache format or rules change; section caches are invalidated when this changes
-  static constexpr uint8_t CSS_CACHE_VERSION = 3;
+  static constexpr uint8_t CSS_CACHE_VERSION = 4;
 
   explicit CssParser(std::string cachePath) : cachePath(std::move(cachePath)) {}
   ~CssParser() = default;